Humanizing Translation History

Humanizing the yeast telomerase template.

Saccharomyces cerevisiae contains an irregular telomere sequence (TG1-3)n, which differs from the regular repeat (TTAGGG)n found at the telomeres of higher organisms including humans. We have modified the entire 16-nt template region of the S. cerevisiae telomerase RNA gene (TLC1) to produce (TTAGGG)n repeats, the human telomere sequence. Haploid yeast strains with the tlc1-human allele are via...

Reflections on humanizing biomedicine.

Although biomedicine is responsible for the "miracles" of modern medicine, paradoxically it has also led to a quality-of-care crisis in which many patients feel disenfranchised from the health-care industry. To address this crisis, several medical commentators make an appeal for humanizing biomedicine, which has led to shifts in the philosophical boundaries of medical knowledge and practice. In...

Humanizing physiology education.

We teach medical and other health professional students “human physiology,” so one might wonder at the title of this editorial. One definition of humanize is “to make something friendlier to humans. Humanizing makes things more civilized, refined,andunderstandable”(https://www. vocabulary.com/dictionary/humanize). So, should we even attempt to humanize physiology education? And, if so, how migh...

Machine translation: a concise history

Machine Translation: a Brief History

The translation of natural languages by machine, first dreamt of in the seventeenth century, has become a reality in the late twentieth. Computer programs are producing translations-not perfect translations, for that is an ideal to which no human translator can aspire; nor translations of literary texts, for the subtleties and nuances of poetry are beyond computational analysis; but translation...